Interview of Donald Walker Transcript Number 210

Good morning.  My name is Paul Zarbock, a staff member at  Randall Library the University of North Carolina at Wilmington.  Today’s date is the 10th of September in the year of 2002.  We’re going to be interviewing Mr. Donald E. Walker.

INTERVIEWER:  Good morning, Mr. Walker.  Mr. Walker, please tell me where did you go into the military, when did you go into the military and why did you go into the military?

WALKER:   Well I was working at Wilmington shipyard and had automatic deferment.  You had to be 1A to be drafted into the service.

INTERVIEWER:   Now what year was this and how old were you?

WALKER:   This was 1943 and I was 19.  The classification I had was 2B, which was deferred, they had a layover in shipyard.  We were changing shifts and they were also asking for workers at Pearl Harbor to work on those sunken ships so I joined the Civil Service and was processed to Fort Bragg.  When I got to Fort Bragg, they asked me if I wanted Army engineers or civil engineers and I said well I wanted Army engineers, but I had papers to go to Pearl Harbor with the civil engineers.  He said, “Let me see that paper.”  He ripped in two and threw it in the trashcan.  He said, “You’re in the Air Force engineers.”

Anyway then we were reclassified as cadets.  Went to Mississippi for three months basic.  There were 258 of us that finished basic.  Part of us were sent to regular school, part of us engineering school and part to armament school and I went to armament school.  Then I went overseas with the 15th Air Force.

INTERVIEWER:   Where was armament school held?

WALKER:   Denver, Colorado.

INTERVIEWER:   How long were you there?

WALKER:   12 weeks.

INTERVIEWER:   Well what sort of education did you get?  What did they have you doing?

WALKER:   Whole airplanes which included bombing equipment in the turrets and machine guns.

INTERVIEWER:   Machineguns, cannons if there were any.

WALKER:   There was B25’s had 75mm cannons in them so we got that.

INTERVIEWER:   And you were responsible for maintaining them and repairing them?

WALKER:   Yes sir, I was trained and assigned to…

INTERVIEWER:   Did you like it?

WALKER:   Oh yes, it was real interesting.

INTERVIEWER:   And you were a private or private first class?

WALKER:   Every time you went to school, you got a promotion so I went overseas as a corporal, made staff sergeant overseas.

INTERVIEWER:   Okay, so I’m going to take you back to Denver and what happened after you finished armament school in Denver?

WALKER:   I went to gunnery school in Harlingen, Texas, right on the Rio Grande River right next to Mexico.

INTERVIEWER:  What was the name of it? WALKER:   Harlingen, Texas.  

INTERVIEWER:   So now you’re going from preparing the weapons to firing them?

WALKER:   Yes sir.  That was six weeks.  Then we went to, well to start with we went to Mitchell Field, New York.  The crew got together, there were ten of us.  We had overseas training at Savannah, Georgia.  All of our training was just about like combat training.  We would be intercepted with fighters, bombardiers, whatever the target happened to be.  We took a lot of cross-water flights and we were on patrol from Norfolk to Cuba.

INTERVIEWER:   What sort of aircraft were you in?

WALKER:   B24 bombers, four engine bombers.

INTERVIEWER:   And you were one of the gunners on the B24.

WALKER:   Yes sir. 

INTERVIEWER:   And which gun did you man?

WALKER:   The lower turret.

INTERVIEWER:   That’s on the bottom of the plane?

WALKER:   Yes sir.

INTERVIEWER:   It’s kind of lonesome job, wasn’t it?

WALKER:   Well I gave the radio a listen.

INTERVIEWER:   So you were on patrol from Norfolk to Cuba and back.  Did you land in Cuba?

WALKER:   No sir.

INTERVIEWER:   Just went down, turned around and came back.

WALKER:   We couldn't even land in Wilmington.  We tried to land here several times.

INTERVIEWER:   Why couldn't you land?

WALKER:   It was closed to B24 aircraft.

INTERVIEWER:   Was the airport here too small?

WALKER:   Well evidently they thought so.

INTERVIEWER:   They waved you off, huh?  Well what happened after you finished your patrol duty from Norfolk to Cuba and back?

WALKER:   You mean when we finished that phase of the training?

INTERVIEWER:   Yes.

WALKER:   Well we went overseas on a liberty ship.  There were eight crews split, there were 80 people on the ship so we had plenty of room.  We had staterooms.  To start with, no one knew where the ship was headed to.  We were in a convoy of 100 ships off the coast.  I think the trip was 18 days to North Africa.  I understand the captain didn't even know for 12 days where the ship was headed to.  We didn't even know where it was headed when we got out (laughter).   We landed over in Algiers.

INTERVIEWER:   What year was that, do you remember?

INTERVIEWER:   And what time of the year?

WALKER:   November.  We stayed there for several weeks and then we went to Naples, Italy.

INTERVIEWER:   How did you get to Naples?

WALKER:   On an English ship.  It was a troop ship.  They had 12-year-old boys there to be busboys on the ship with combat orders.  I think it was only about four days to get to Naples.

INTERVIEWER:   Was it crowded?

WALKER:   There were 4000 people.

INTERVIEWER:   So you didn't have a stateroom this time?

WALKER:   No sir.  We only got two meals a day and waited in line, around a half a day to get each meal.

INTERVIEWER:   And was it British food?

WALKER:   Oh yeah.  You got two plates.  One of them had a spoonful of Karo syrup and a pad of butter; another one had some kind of Spam or something and some kind of vegetable.  These kids poured you out a half a canteen of Tang, that’s all you got (laughter).

INTERVIEWER:   What was the Karo syrup for?

WALKER:   That was half of your meal.

INTERVIEWER:   Wow.

WALKER:   Then we went to Casaloocha, the Air Force base that was a single runway.  In Chatham Field in Savannah, we had three 9,000-foot runways, which gave us six directions for takeoff.  In _____, we had one 5,000-foot runway with only one direction to take off.  There were a lot of wrecks on that runway.

INTERVIEWER:   At takeoff or at landing or both?

WALKER:   Mostly takeoff cause they couldn't get airborne.  It was up on a ridge with a valley in front and you had to pick up speed going down through the valley and they didn't make it sometimes.

INTERVIEWER:   So there were deaths?

WALKER:   Oh yeah, they didn’t have time, it would explode with the gasoline which would catch on fire.

INTERVIEWER:   Did you lose any friends?

WALKER:   We lost our tail gunner on the second mission and our navigator on the 13th.

INTERVIEWER:   But the aircraft which you were on, you never had any difficulty…you made every takeoff, is that right?

WALKER:   Oh yeah, yeah, sure did.  We were lucky.

INTERVIEWER:   Why did the planes crash?  Were they overloaded?

WALKER:   Yeah, that’s right. 

INTERVIEWER:   How long were you stationed there?

WALKER:   Eight months.

INTERVIEWER:   Where were your missions, where did you fly?

WALKER:   Our missions were over Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Germany and Austria and northern Italy.

INTERVIEWER:   How many missions did you personally fly?

WALKER:   Twenty-seven.

INTERVIEWER:   What number did you have to rotate back?

WALKER:   Thirty-five at that time. 

INTERVIEWER:   What was the worst mission?

WALKER:   I think all of them (laughter).  We had some bad ones.  I guess they weren’t too bad, but all of them were dangerous.

INTERVIEWER:   Did you have any fighter escort?

WALKER:   Oh yes, we had…the fighter escort would get no closer than 10,000 yards, I’m sorry, 1000 yards and they would never point their noses at us because we had instructions to shoot anything down that pointed its nose at us.

INTERVIEWER:   Even if it was your own aircraft?

WALKER:   Yes sir, yeah, cause the Germans had all of our airplanes.  They captured a lot of them in North Africa.  They’d buy B24’s in between missions.  You know, regular altitude and speed and then the flack would start coming off, peeling off and get out the way.

INTERVIEWER:   So there were American aircraft captured by probably Germans that were flown by German pilots who would attack American aircraft?

WALKER:   That’s exactly right.

INTERVIEWER:   So the orders were if it’s aimed at you, shoot it down.

WALKER:   Well all our pilots were instructed not to ever to point that nose at us and we had 38 escorts.  They were twin and sometime blew the engine, and they’d want us to take them back if their engines went.  They’d get out there at 1000 yards and radio in and confirm with the gunners that they were coming in and they’d put the planes this way and take maybe 15 minutes to get there.  But they were trying to show those two booms that were on the P38’s because you can’t tell a P38 from a Messerschmitt 110 from a head-on attack.

The 110 got the stabilizers on them and that’s all you see on the 38.  On the Messerschmitt 109, you can’t tell from a P51 and head on, you can’t tell from a P47. If it was pointed at you, you couldn't tell whether it was our own plane or not.

INTERVIEWER:   Which did you think of the three aircraft, pursuit aircraft, which was the best airplane?

WALKER:   Well we liked the P51’s best, but I guess it’s a pretty close tie there between 38 and a 51.

INTERVIEWER:   But that Mustang was a fine aircraft.

WALKER:   Oh it was, yes sir. 

INTERVIEWER:   Fast.

WALKER:   It was, it was one of the fastest.  I think it was copied after the Messerschmitt 109.

INTERVIEWER:   Who had the better aircraft, the Messerschmitt or the Focke-Wulf?

WALKER:   I think the Messerschmitt was the better plane.  It held the world speed record in about 1934 and kept it through World War II.  Of course there was no contest during the war. 

INTERVIEWER:   Let me get back to you.  A balled turret is in the bottom of the aircraft and it’s very, very cramped

WALKER:   Yes sir, it is. 

INTERVIEWER:   Now the movement of the turret was done hydraulically, is that correct?

WALKER:   Yes sir.

INTERVIEWER:   And you controlled that?

WALKER:   Yes sir.

INTERVIEWER:   How could you control the movement of the balled turret and also fire the guns?  How many hands did you have?

WALKER:   Well everything was on your hand controls.  The power was opposite of hydroelectric, it was electro-hydraulic.  The purpose of that was wind resistance on those gun barrels wouldn't be the same thing on the regular electric and didn't know whether to slow down or speed up.  But with this electro-hydraulic, it was constant.  The only way you could tell which way you were headed, you had a little clock down there by your foot that told you which direction you were pointed in.  You couldn't see anything above the airplane, you were down below it.

INTERVIEWER:   What did you have, twin 50-caliber machine guns?

WALKER:   Yes.

INTERVIEWER:   And you could fire half…I mean you couldn't fire up in the aircraft, but you could fire horizontally and all the way around?

WALKER:   We could fire all the way around except the props.  They extended down below the fuselage and we had to interrupt our switch there.  We’d cut the guns off instead of shooting your props.  You could fire in any direction you wanted to.

INTERVIEWER:   Yeah, that would be dangerous.

WALKER:   Had a cam that was shaped kind of like the props were and anytime you were in that position there, you wouldn't fire.

INTERVIEWER:   How many rounds would you carry in the turret?

INTERVIEWER:   You had to load that yourself?

WALKER:   No sir, we didn't have to do anything ourselves except shoot. 

INTERVIEWER:   The armors took care of the loading of the weapons.

WALKER:   That’s right and they’d clean them, they did everything.  We did check the headspace and time on them before every mission, but that’s all we ever did.

INTERVIEWER:   You and I know what you meant when you said headspace, but a few years from now and this videotape is seen by somebody else, they won’t have the vaguest idea.  Tell me what headspace is.

WALKER:   Well, headspace is the space, the distance between the end of the barrel and the face of the bolt with the slack taken out.  In other words, you had to get a hold of the extractor, and pull whatever slack out there are, and then you had a headspace gauge.  It was go, no go gauge, 202,000 to 206,000.  Then you had a timing gauge that went between the turn on and the breech end of the barrel to make that gun fire before it went all the way back in the battery.  In other words, it could fire between 20,000th of an inch going back in the battery to 116,000th.  If it fired more than that, it fired two rounds and quit cause the extractor wouldn’t engage the next round.  Those were the only things we checked ourselves.  As soon as we got airborne, we test fired the guns and made sure they worked.

INTERVIEWER:   How many rounds would you fire off in test fire?

WALKER:   Just a short burst.

INTERVIEWER:   And all gunners?

WALKER:   Oh yeah, all gunners.

INTERVIEWER:   Okay, did you ever shoot down an enemy aircraft?

WALKER:   No sir.

INTERVIEWER:   But you shot at them?

WALKER:   There wasn’t too much activity from the aircraft when I was over there, but we had a whole lot of antiaircraft firing.

INTERVIEWER:   Well you were sure in a position on the plane to see a lot of antiaircraft fire.

WALKER:   I could see them shooting.

INTERVIEWER:   Were you scared?

WALKER:   Well I guess everyone was.

INTERVIEWER:   Yeah, you’d be some sort of a fool if you said, no, I wasn’t scared.  When somebody is trying to kill you before you kill them, that’s scary.  But you lost some crew members you said.

WALKER:   Yes.

INTERVIEWER:   Through antiaircraft fire?

WALKER:   Well, the first one, to start with, they divided our crews up to go and fire a few missions with experienced crew.  Our tail gunner and myself were assigned with crews that only had two missions to go.  They were short a tail gunner and a balled turret gunner so we moved in with their camp.  We both flew a mission.  It was a real bad one too.  And so a day or two later, I pulled another mission and the tail gunner didn't.  The next day this other crew was flying their last mission.

I volunteered to go and a couple of psychiatrists that were sitting in back of the room.  They kept watching each one to see if there was any reason for them not to fly, you know.  Somebody asked me, didn't you fly yesterday?  I said yes.  He said how about the day before and I said well two days before.  Well you’re not flying today.  We weren’t supposed to fly but every third day.  Anyway they were…taken to Poland, they were 25 MU-109s.  They come up off IP and started to….

INTERVIEWER:   And an IP is?

WALKER:   Initial point.

INTERVIEWER:   That’s where you lock in and you’re heading for the target.

WALKER:   Yeah, it’s usually about 20 minutes away from the target.  Another plane cut that one in two and they were all killed and that was that crew’s last mission too.  So that’s where we lost our tail gunner.

INTERVIEWER:   And you could have been on that aircraft?

WALKER:   I would have been if they hadn’t pulled me off.  You see the navigator was checking out a lead navigator on his 13th mission and that plane was shot down over Vienna, Austria.  I don’t think there was any record of it because I’ve read the books and they don’t give any addresses of cemeteries they were in or anything.  I don’t guess they found enough of them to bury them.

INTERVIEWER:   Let me ask you to tell me about when you were not flying.  Where were you billeted?  Were you living under canvas?

WALKER:   Right, we lived in tents.

INTERVIEWER:   How many people?

WALKER:   Six, they’re six enlisted people and four officers had their tent.

INTERVIEWER:   Did you have a floor?

WALKER:   We had a homemade floor, yes sir.  Had old crates, wooden crates.

INTERVIEWER:   What about heating? Did you have a furnace?

WALKER:   We had a homemade, a 55 gallon drum made into a heater and we used 100 octane gasoline from the airplane to heat it with.  This type of heat, we never went to sleep with the heater going.

INTERVIEWER:   Did you have a chimney?

WALKER:   Yes, we did.

INTERVIEWER:   What did you make that out of?

WALKER:   I think it was just a regular material that they got somewhere, you know. 

INTERVIEWER:   So you poured gasoline into that 55-gallon drum?

WALKER:   We had a little drum on the outside with a drip tank.  They cut a 55-gallon drum in two and put half of it up and welded that in there and then they had a 5” shelf down beneath it which was so it would get air and a drip tube in there and they’d turn that stove red hot in just seconds.

INTERVIEWER:   Did any of them ever blow up or burn up?

WALKER:   No, not that I know of.

INTERVIEWER:   Now tell me again, what time of the year are you talking about now?  Was it wintertime?

WALKER:   Yes, wintertime.

INTERVIEWER:   And what year?

INTERVIEWER:   How cold did it get?

WALKER:   It got a little bit colder than Wilmington.  We had snow quite a few times there.  It was damp a whole lot of times.

INTERVIEWER:   Sleeping bag, is that what you had?

WALKER:   No, we had blankets and cots.

INTERVIEWER:   Those canvas collapsible cots?

WALKER:   Right and it took a long time for me to learn to put a whole lot of stuff underneath them instead of on top.

INTERVIEWER:   Again you know years from now people won’t know what you and I are talking about.  Explain what you said because I made the same mistake.

WALKER:   Well we had plenty of blankets because every time somebody didn't come back, there were new issues of everything.  I think I ended up with about 20 blankets.  I put most of them underneath me.  But to start with, I had most of them on top.  It just didn't warm you.

INTERVIEWER:   No, that canvas cot, if you’re sleeping on it in wintertime, you’re going to freeze top and bottom, aren’t you?

WALKER:   That’s true.

INTERVIEWER:   Now what did you mean when a crew got lost, they issued new…

WALKER:   Most of them were shot down.  We didn't ever know what happened to them.  We could watch a plane go all the way down and no chute would come out.  They’d always call the mission an accident until about 48 hours.  A lot of times, you would never officially hear what happened to them.

INTERVIEWER:   This is an awful sad thing to ask, but I’m going to ask.  When you lost people, what happened to their personal effects and their uniforms?

WALKER:   Supply went through everything they had and took out anything they didn't think the family should see.  We didn't carry anything that was personal because we didn't want the government to get a hold of it.  Even a fountain pen, you couldn't wear a fountain pen anyway because the little air pressure there would cause that thing to leak all the ink out on you.  But we wouldn't carry a fountain pen just to keep the government from getting it.

INTERVIEWER:   What about a wristwatch?

WALKER:   They issued us wristwatches and we wore those, but we didn't wear our own.

INTERVIEWER:   What about money?  Did you carry any money on you when you were on a mission?

WALKER:   They gave us 50 gold certificate dollars.  That was checked in every time we came back.  We had two education packages, one of them was maps.  They were made of silk and you could use them for a lot of different things.  The $50 was supposed to help and it did in some countries.

INTERVIEWER:   Did you have any rations?

WALKER:   We had nothing to eat from 4:00 in the morning until we got back.  They did give us one little box of the little candies, M&M’s, but they didn't have M&M’s name on them.  I talked to somebody that worked in the factory and they said they were the ones that made them.  It was a real small box, just several ounces in there, probably 3-4 ounces and that’s all we had.  There was no place you could buy anything either.

INTERVIEWER:   Did you have any side arms?

WALKER:   We carried 45’s.

INTERVIEWER:   All of the crewmembers?

WALKER:   All of them, in a shoulder holster.

INTERVIEWER:   Could you wear a parachute in that balled turret?

WALKER:   Well they made a special chute for it.  It was thin, probably about an inch and a half thick.  I wore it for the first two missions.  I was so cramped in there, I decided, well I was having a hard time just seeing through the side you know.  I said I’d wear a chest chute.  That way I could wear a harness and had the chest chute hanging inside the plane where I could grab it right quick and snap it on. 

That’s the only thing that kept me from leaving that airplane one time.  On the ammunition cover was about 2/5 square where they loaded ammunition in the turret.  Flack hit that and tore it off and about 12 holes were in the turret.  I had on a leather helmet buckle, oxygen mask, goggles if I felt pain and the first thing I was going to do is hook on that door and fall out of the turret and then I remembered I didn't have my chute on. 

So the gunners were up there just as unconcerned, looking around so the plane didn't blow up and all this time, I’d been holding my breath.  I pitched me a horrible oxygen bottle, and he said I caught it and evidently I took a breath and near passed right out.  They put on the oxygen mask so everything was all right.  This was a brand new airplane and had some complications on it and one of them was they put the ammunition on the outside of the turret so it could hold more ammunition.  That’s the only reason the ammunition didn't get hit.

INTERVIEWER:   You also answered the question I was going to ask you – if you had to exit, if you had to bail out of a balled turret, how did you do it?

WALKER:   Well you’re supposed to go up in the airplane.  The door at your back was the door that you got into so I figured I could unlatch that thing and fall right on out.  The stream would help suck you out of there too.

INTERVIEWER:   Well I’m glad you didn't jump without a parachute (laughter).

WALKER:   Well I guess I would have been a PW if I didn't have that chute on.

INTERVIEWER:   So you crawled up in the fuselage of the aircraft and here the waist gunners are looking around like it’s …not concerned there.  And you said you went unconscious.

WALKER:   I got that oxygen.  That’s when I lost consciousness.

INTERVIEWER:   When did you become conscious again?

WALKER:   Oh in just minutes, whatever time it takes.  You can’t tell.  When we went through tests like that in training, if you wanted to die right easy, you could cut your oxygen off and that’s it.

INTERVIEWER:   By the way, had you finished your bombing run at the time that the balled turret got hit by flack?

WALKER:   No we were on the IP.  It was when the Germans withdrew from Greece, and they went to Western Europe and Yugoslavia, the northern part of Yugoslavia.  They had some viaducts knocked out ahead so we flew two missions in one day.  When we got back, they had fuel and bombs and everything ready and loaded us up.  We got credit for destroying two divisions, I mean the whole unit. 

INTERVIEWER:   Where were you when the war ended?

WALKER:   In Italy.

INTERVIEWER:   And how did you hear about the war being over in Europe?

WALKER:   It had to come from rumors I guess because we didn't have radios.

INTERVIEWER:   Did you have a newspaper?

WALKER:   No, no newspapers.

INTERVIEWER:   So you got any news or information from rumor and letters from home maybe?

WALKER:   Well I guess you got a little bit there.  We couldn't send any information back.

INTERVIEWER:   By the way, how was your chow?

WALKER:   It was supposed to be the second best.  They claimed the hospitals got the best and Air Force supposedly got the next best.

INTERVIEWER:   Was that better than the British ship?

WALKER:   Oh yeah, yeah, we had plenty of food all the time.  We had a lot of Italians working there.  They would never let you put leftovers in the garbage can.  All of them had a little bucket and want you to dump it on there and they just had no food over there.

INTERVIEWER:   And you say it was damp?

WALKER:   Most times.

INTERVIEWER:   Have you ever been back to Italy since?

WALKER:   Yeah, we went back there I guess six to eight years ago.

INTERVIEWER:   Did it look any different?

WALKER:   Well see we were over there the first time at one of those beer joints over there in Rome.  The military got rid of that.  So cut that trip a little bit short.  Really wanted to go to Munich, Germany.  I’d been over it, but I’d never been to it.  Anyway we wound up in Spain and then decided to come back to the States.

INTERVIEWER:   How did you get back to the States by the way?

WALKER:   We flew an airplane back.

INTERVIEWER:   The aircraft that you were flying in combat or a different one?

WALKER:   We flew a different one.  We had planes assigned to us, but most of the time we flew another plane.  We were ______ on the air transport so we got double pay that way.  We landed at Marrakech, Morocco, spent the night and the next day went to Azores Island and spent the night.  There’s a little story about that too.

When we were in training, we had a bunch of wore out stuff, used stuff.  When we went overseas, we got everything new.  They gave us new 45 automatics.  When we hit the Atlantic Ocean, I said I’m going to bring that gun back.  So as soon as I got overseas, there was no trouble getting another one because there were plenty of them laying around.  So I got another one and packed that one up.  When I got ready to come back, they were talking about customs was going to check us all along the way. 

If they caught you with this or that…I was still determined to bring that gun back.  So I said well I’m going to see if I can get it in my shoe.  I opened up the shoe and stuck that 45 underneath there.  I tried to every way in the world to get it back together because there was a whole lot in there.  I got someone else to start jumping up and down so I could stuff it back in.  As soon as we landed and we were three days overdue, repacking, they pitched me another chute and somebody in Azure got a brand new ’45.

INTERVIEWER:   Sometimes you lose.

WALKER:   When we landed in the States, they had a sign turn over all military weapons, went to customs (laughter).  Got that one locked up, don’t you, yep, going stay that way (laughter).  We could have brought back anything we wanted to, military guns through there, if we wanted to, nobody would care.  I could have carried that 45 in my hand and it would have been all right. 

INTERVIEWER:   How long after you got back to the States was it before you got discharged?

WALKER:   I got discharged in October of that year.

INTERVIEWER:   And when did you get back to the States?

WALKER:   Got back in June, or July I believe it was.

INTERVIEWER:   What did you do from July to October?

WALKER:   Well they gave us a choice of doing anything that they had vacancies for if we qualified for them.  You could take charge of a hobby shop in Hunter Field, which was a real good deal.  There was a lieutenant in charge and she gave me three cadets and she said anything anybody needs that they can do in this hobby shop, we’ll buy them a gift because we have all this money that we have to dispose of.  There’s only two things we can spend it on. 

One of them is the library and the other one is this hobby shop and parties, so we’re going to have it all.  I was one of two people that had ever been overseas on that field so everybody knew me real fast.  Since I was giving them all this material, plastics, whatever they wanted to make, it was all right.

INTERVIEWER:   How old were you then, do you remember?

WALKER:   I was about 21.

INTERVIEWER:   And you were a staff sergeant?

WALKER:   Right, then I put about 32 years in the Reserves.

INTERVIEWER:   I’m going to ask you something I ask the other people that I interview.  When you look back on your military combat experience, what did you learn from all of that?  What did it mean to you?  What did the war mean to you?

WALKER:   Well it’s kind of hard to explain that.  It sure was a waste of money and people.  We lose the cream of the crop.

INTERVIEWER:   And does anything ever get proven?

WALKER:   It never has.

INTERVIEWER:   Thank you for your time sergeant.

WALKER:   You’re welcome.